Morphine Sulphate for Central Nervous System- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMorphine Sulphate for Central Nervous System. Answer: How Morphine Sulphate acts as an Analgesic Morphine which is normally derived from a range of plants and animals is an opiate type of pain medication used to relief severe to moderate pain. It is used in circumstances of acute or chronic pain as it has a direct impact on the central nervous system hence decreasing the pain. Morphine which is usually used when an expectant mother is undergoing pain, can be given orally (through the mouth), through an injection in to the skin, muscle or the area around the spinal cord as well as rectally. Its effects after induction can last from three to seven hours. When it is given via the mouth, the effects last for sixty minutes whereas if it is given intravenously, the effects last to about twenty minutes. Besides its positive attributes, morphine has a couple of side effects when used (Borracci, Cappellini Gaudio, 2013). For instance, it can lead to cases of low blood pressure, drowsiness, constipation, vomiting and withdrawal if used over a long period of time. It is always advisable f or breast feeding mothers not to use it as it can have adverse effects on the baby. Therefore, it is important to note that, morphine should not be used for the treatment of short- term pain after surgery unless the patient is already taking the medication before surgery especially in cases of C- section (Habib, Begum, Ali, Imtiaz Masood, 2017). Mechanism of Action Pain treatment has always been done by targeting the opioid receptors in the organisms system. These receptors include Mu, Kappa and delta and they form both hetero and homo-complexes, sending signals to the kinase cascades hence scaffolding various proteins. Opioids are effective analgesics and treat any pain related disorders. These opioid receptors are found in the nociceptive neural circuitry and in the central nervous system including structures in the brain that are related to emotions. Opioid receptors are activated and hence inhibit neurons which further pain transmission to the spinal cord. The opioid receptors also can modulate the calcium and potassium ions and this process is important as it inhibits tonic neural activities and most importantly they cause cellular hyper polarization (McCulloch, Sattar, Henderson, Lane Langner, 2017). The Mu receptors which are found in the brain stream and thalamus are normally activated hence bringing about pain relief (Bhatnagar, Devi Patel, 2014). The adverse effects can be constipation, depression and dependence. The activation of the kappa receptors which are found in the forebrain, limbic system and spinal cord also cause pain relief but its side effects include dependence and loss of breath. On the other hand, the delta receptors that are present in the digestive tract, spinal cord and brain can be activated to relief pain but side effects such as dependence and loss of breath can be experienced (McCulloch, Sattar, Henderson, Lane Langner, 2017). How Morphine sulphate causes constipation Constipation refers to bowel movements that are abnormally hard and are infrequent hence causing difficulty when one wants to pass stool has it is normally hard and very dry. This can further lead to bloating and abdominal pain. Firstly, the opioids have an impact on the gastrointestinal motilitys normal activities. It delays the transit, segmentation, it stimulates non-propulsive motility and sphincters due to effect on the enteric neurons. These opioids bring about absorption of fluids in the body, due to transit hence increased time for their absorption. They further stimulate the mucosal release sensory receptors hence facilitating further fluidal absorption. This eventually leads to constipation. How Morphine sulphate causes Nausea Nausea is a sensation on the upper stomach that causes discomfort, a feeling of sickness and an involuntary feeling of wanting to vomit. This effectpossesses both central and peripheral components. Opioids can stimulate vestibular apparatus which provide a direct input in the vomiting center which is channeled through cholinergic (AchM) and Histamine H1 pathways. Opioids minimize the release of gastrointestinal juices by reduce peristalsis and by increasing relaxation of the colon longitudinal muscles as well as contraction of the muscular muscles. This leads to nausea and vomiting because eventually the stool dries and hardens because of increased contraction of the circular muscles and lack of longitudinal activities hence cramping, and bowel distention. This nausea also occurs due to the impairment of gastrointestinal motility. How Morphine sulphate causes rash A rash normally is a change on the human skin that can be noticed as it causes changes in texture, appearance and color. There are cases whereby the patient undertaking the morphine sulphate medications undergoes allergic reactions. The patient thus gets an irritating feeling on the skin, itchiness and reddening of the skin besides getting a slight rash. The patient normally has no option but to continue to take the medicine in cases whereby it helps to reduce chronic pain. These allergic reactions can be assumed unless they pose a serious health threats. How Morphine sulphate causes cough suppression Cough is a common occurrence that normally needs medical attention because of the physical discomfort. In cases of chronic coughs, immediate medical attention is sort because they deliberate one both physically and mentally. Opioids have been used over the years and proved to be efficient pain relievers and ability to suppress coughs. Opiates help suppress cough if the patient takes the medication per prescription for a given period usually at least three months. Morphine sulphate thus reduces the severity of extreme cases of coughing (Habib, Begum, Ali, Imtiaz Masood, 2017). How Morphine sulphate causes euphoria Euphoria is a feeling or state that is associated with excitement and happiness. During this state a person experiences intense feelings of happiness and distress relief. Morphine can also bring about this feeling of euphoria and thus many substance abusers have used it in high dosages over time and are addicted to it. Opioids which can also offer the effect of euphoria if used over a long period without the presence of pain can lead to addiction (Zaheer, Rahman, Khan Parveen, 2016). The pharmacology of both heroine and morphine are identical except the fact that the two-acetyl group lead to higher lipid solubility. The heroin molecule enters the brain rapidly as it can cross the blood-brain barrier. Even though at the brain, the acetyl groups are removed to yield morphine, it causes the same effects of heroin. Heroine is a narcotic or hard drug that is normally used by drug abusers to give them the feeling of excitement but it is also thought to be the more rapidly acting form of e uphoria. Morphine thus has attributes that may lead to its misuses besides its basic use as a pain reliever (Borracci, Cappellini Gaudio, 2013). References Bhatnagar, S., Saraswathi Devi, Patel, K. R. (2014). Safety and efficacy of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate compared to morphine sulphate immediate release tablet in management of breakthrough cancer pain.Indian journal of palliative care,20(3), 182. Borracci, T., Cappellini De Gaudio, A. R. (2013). Preoperative medication with oral morphine sulphate and postoperative pain.Minerva anestesiologica,79, 525-533. Habib, T., Begum, S., Ali, T., Imtiaz, M., Masood, S. (2017). 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